(thank you Rim)

and here's the link to the database -> Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool

And this is another dilemma. Without the corporations or the need for medicines such endeavours would never be pursued. Without the large bank of research dollars the bio-chemists would still be examining the many uses for penicillin. So how do we match the need as mentioned against the spate of extinctions that will occur and impact dramatically on the human race?

The world is warming up, that is undisputed, what is disputed is the reason. But as oceans increase in mass and warmer currents penetrate colder climes, the impact on phytoplankton will have a harming affect in the multiples’. At the bottom of the food chain its loss will denigrate each level and eventually reduce the seafood harvest we depend on.

Rainforests are disappearing at the rate of 2% per year. This is alarming as there are 250,000 plant species but only 5% have been screened for application to humans. The importance attached to this is - remember quinine, the bark of a tree that also gave us a cancer agent and aspirin. If ecosystems go – so do Homo sapiens. And this will happen as phytoplankton and rainforests produce all the oxygen we breathe.

And on the other side of the coin - as forests are destroyed and the resultant ecosystems   collapse, water tables will be fouled and soil will be contaminated. So how do we cut up the much smaller pie?

We need to create one conservation movement, not hundreds and operate it as a business. Funding provided by governments, corporations and individuals would be better spent if objectives and targets were set. We need new thinking for an old problem, or the alternative is a sixth extinction, ours!

Very interesting new book by a captivating, and hopeful environmentalist and writer

Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice in an Age of Climate Crisis by Vandana Shiva

(thank you Marcy)

Such failures in enforcing national and international laws are contributing to - though by no means are they the primary reason for - the failure of countries around the world to meet their own promise on biodiversity.

"The world's governments will fail to meet their agreed target of curbing biodiversity loss by 2010. Nearly 200 countries signed up to the target in 2002." Their agreement was - "to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on Earth"

Furthermore "only 16 governments have followed through on their commitment to integrate the 2010 target into national plans for tackling biodiversity loss."

बचपन से ही मुझे साँपों से बड़ा डर लगता था.  गाँव जाने पर तो मेरी हालत खराब हो जाती थी. हमारे घर से बाहर निकलते ही एक गली है. दोनों ओर लोगों ने बाड़ बना रखी है और बाड़ नाना प्रकार की वनस्पतियों से ढकी रहती है. अंधेरे में बाहर निकलने की बात तो मैं सोच भी  नहीं सकता था. मुझे यह देख बड़ा आश्चर्य होता था कि वहाँ के लोग बड़े आराम से आते जाते थे. अलबत्ता अंधेरे में टॉर्च के सहारे चलते समय पैर पटकते हुए या अन्य तरीके से आवाज़ करते हुए चलते. मैने ज़िद करी और काले वाले रबर के गम बूट्स खरीद लिए. शाम को बाहर जाते समय मैं फ़ुल पॅंट और गम बूट्स पहन, टॉर्च और डंडे से लैस होकर ही निकलता. गाँव वाले मुझे देख आपस में खुसुर पुसुर करते दिखते. उन दिनों वहाँ पॅंट पहनने का भी चलन नहीं था. सोचते रहे होंगे कि यह नमूना कहा से आया है. लेकिन अपने जूते आदि के कारण मैं अपने आप को सुरक्षित महसूस करता.

हमारा पुश्तैनी घर भी बाँस की कटीली टहनियों से बने बाड़ (फेन्सिंग) से घिरा है. डेढ़ एकड़ के बाग़ीचे के बीच खपरैल वाला दो मंज़िला मकान है. सामने  गाँव की गली की ओर से प्रवेश के लिए एक छोटा गेट है जो घर के आँगन से लगभग १५० फीट की दूरी पर है. वर्षों पूर्व मैने अपने पिता के ताऊ के घर से क्रोटन के कलम लाकर बाहर के गेट से आँगन तक दोनों ओर लगा दिए थे जो अब बढ़ कर सुंदर दिखने लगे थे. मैने एकबार इनकी छटाई कर दी थी जिससे सभी पौधों की उँचाई समान बन जाए. अपने काम से संतुष्ट होकर गेट से घर की ओर आते हुए पौधों के ऊपर हाथ से सहलाता आ रहा था. कुछ दूर यों ही हाथ फेरने के बाद मुझे ऐसा लगा मानो कोई रबर नुमा चीज़ हथेली में आ गयी हो. मैने ज़ोर से पकड़ लिया और मुड़कर देखा तो पाया कि हथेली में एक डेढ फीट लंबा हरे रंग का साँप लटक रहा है. उसका सर मेरे हथेली के अंदर और नॉकदार मुह बाहर था. अब क्योंकि साँप मेरे मुट्ठी में था मेरा डर जाता रहा. फिर भी मैं ज़ोर से चिल्लाया. मेरा छोटा भाई दौड़ कर आ गया और उसने भी नज़ारा देखा.  क्योंकि वह गाँव का ही पला बढ़ा था, वह डरा नहीं बल्कि कहा, भैया, रुक जाओ मैं अभी आया. थोड़ी ही देर में वह एक हारलिक्स की बोतल ले आया और हम दोनो ने मिलकर उस सुंदर साँप को बोतल में बंद कर दिया. ढक्कन में छोटे छोटे छेद भी बना दिए ताकि साँप को हवा मिले. बोतल को हम लोगों ने घर के अंदर रेडियो के ऊपर रख दिया जैसे कोई शो पीस . साँप के खाने के लिए छोटे छोटे मेंढक और मच्छर भी बोतल के अंदर डाल दिए.

दूसरे दिन सुबह ही हमने बोतल में बड़े कौतूहल से देखा कि सभी मेंढक फुदक रहे थे. साँप ने कुछ भी नहीं खाया था. तीसरे दिन जाकर पिताजी की नज़र बोतल पर पड़ी. उन्होने हमें डाँट पिलाई और तत्काल साँप को बाहर छोड़ आने का आदेश दिया. झाड़ियों में हमने उसे छोड़ भी दिया पर जीवित होते हुए भी चलने से इनकार कर रहा था. बड़े मुश्किल से और बड़ी देर के बाद वह झाड़ियों में चला गया. साधारणतया पेड़ पौधों पर पाया जाने वाला यह हरा साँप बड़ा फुर्तीला होता है और एक डॅगाल से दूसरे पर छलाँग लगा लेता है. ऐसा करते समय वह अपने आप को चपटा कर लेता है और वस्तुतः हवा में तैरता है. कुछ लोग इसीलिए इसे उड़ने वाला साँप भी कहते हैं.  बाद में पिताजी ने हमें बताया कि यह विषैला नहीं होता पर आँखों पर वार करता है या यों कहें कि चमकीले हिस्से पर प्रहार करता है. चोरों से संबंधित कुछ मिथक भी उन्होने बताए.

कुछ दिनों के अंदर ही घर के पीछे बने शौचालय के करीब नागराज से भी मुलाकात हो गयी. घरवालों ने मुझे बताया की वह अक्सर दिखता रहता है. साधारणतया साँप मनुष्य को देख डर के मारे भाग जाया करते हैं. परंतु मैने पाया क़ि हमारा नागराज भागने के मूड में नहीं था. मुझे देख फन फैलाकर अपनी जगह स्थिर हो गया. मेरे द्वारा डंडा पटकने पर सिर झुका कर आगे रेंगने लगा पर उसकी चाल में कोई हड़बड़ाहट नहीं थी. थोड़ी दूर जाकर फिर सिर उँचा कर पलट कर देखता मानो पूछ रहा हो, मारोगे क्या? मेरी उस प्राणी से आसक्ति हो गयी.!

मेरी छुट्टियाँ ख़त्म होने के पहले ही मुझे अपने घर के आस पास ही सभी जाने माने वाले सर्पों से सामना हो चला था (विस्तार से फिर कभी).  कहा जाता है क़ि जहाँ नेवला रहता है, साँप नहीं आते. यह सरासर झूट है. मेरे घर में ही एक भरा पूरा नेवले का परिवार भी रहता है जिसने बांसों क़ि झुरमुट में कहीं अपना बिल बना रखा है. अम्मा नेवला को अपने छोटे छोटे बच्चों को साथ लेकर घूमते हुए मैने कई बार देखा.

शांतिपूर्ण सह अस्तित्व का ऐसा अद्भुत परिदृश्य क्या अन्यत्र है?

Bliptv:

[blip.tv ?posts_id=1344468&dest=-1]

youtube:

This video was made as Hubbard made two presentations on September 24, 2008 during the third annual UNITED Conference at Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Michigan.

This video is about infamous comments about Native American Tribal Sovereignty made by President George W. Bush on August 6, 2004 at the UNITY conference in Washington D.C.

President Bush was asked the tribal sovereignty question by Mark Trahant, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer Editorial Page Editor, a member of the Shoshone-Bannock Tribe in Idaho and former president of the Native American Journalists Association.

Bush answered the question but that answer was so bizarre it caused journalists to laugh:
“Tribal sovereignty means that. It’s sovereign," President Bush said. "You’ve been given sovereignty and you’re viewed as a sovereign entity.”

The conference involved about 7,500 journalists of color from the Native American Journalists Association, the National Association of Black Journalists, the National Association of Hispanic Journalists and the Asian-American Journalists Association.

Hubbard said it’s funny, scary and sad that President George W. Bush doesn’t understand the important issue of Native American tribal sovereignty.

The Turtle Island Project thanks Democracy Now for the use of their video of President Bush’s remarks on tribal sovereignty.
Democracy Now
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Related Links:

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White Buffalo Calf Woman Society, Inc. (WBCWS)
PO Box 227
Mission, S.D.
57555

For more info on the WBCWS:

Javier H. Alegree
Public Relations Specialist
Media and Education

(605) 856-2317
(605) 856-2494 (fax)
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Official website of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe - Sicangu Lakota

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Northern Michigan University (NMU)

NMU on Wikipedia
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NMU Center for Native American Studies:

Center for Native American Studies

Northern Michigan University

112F Whitman Hall

Marquette, MI

49855

(906) 227-1397
(906) 227-1396 (fax)
e-mail:
nasa@nmu.edu

April Lindala, Director
Center for Native American Studies

(906) 227-1397
(906) 227-1396 (fax)
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Grace Chaillier

NMU Adjunct Assistant Professor

Sicangu Lakota band of the Rosebud Sioux

112G Whitman Hall

(906) 227-1390
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Great quotes about American Indian women by nations:
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Uniting Neighbors in the Experience of Diversity (UNITED):
Northern Michigan University
September 21-23, 2008
Other UNITED links:
http://webb.nmu.edu/UNITED/SiteSections/2008Schedule.shtml
http://webb.nmu.edu/Webb/PDFs/UNITED/UNITED_2008.pdf
http://webb.nmu.edu/UNITED/SiteSections/GD989.shtml

UNITED Organizers:

Dr. Judith Puncochar

NMU Professor

906-227-1366
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Turtle Island Project

Munising, Michigan

Turtle island Project Co-founders:

Rev. Dr. Lynn Hubbard

Rev. Dr. George Cairns
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Turtle Island TV (blipTV)

Turtle Island TV (youtube)

Turtle Island (myspace)

email the non-profit Turtle Island Project:

TurtleIslandProject@charter.net
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Anishinaabe News:

NMU Native American student-run newspaper

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Democracy Now:
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More from Democracy Now on President Bush comments on Native American Tribal Sovereignty:

"Tribal sovereignty means that; it's sovereign. I mean, you're a — you've been given sovereignty, and you're viewed as a sovereign entity. And therefore the relationship between the federal government and tribes is one between sovereign entities." — President Bush, Washington, D.C., Aug. 6, 2004

Asked about Indian tribal sovereignty issues, President Bush so fully flubbed his response that journalists in the room began laughing at him.

Watch following video first minute - then - got to 27 minutes into the 1 hour video - you’ll see Jesse Jackson joking about comment - and then interview with the reporter who asked bush the question

Video & Audio - several formats (do right click “save as”):
http://www.archive.org/details/dn2004-0810_vid
President Bush youtube video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5xVRXLgLxw
Stories:
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/186171_bushtribes13.html
http://politicalhumor.about.com/od/bushvideos/v/bushismtribal.htm
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White House Press Release: What Bush meant to say if he’d stuck to his script:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/08/20040806-1.html
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Book “Pagans in the Promised Land” by Steven T. Newcomb (2008):

http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28405454.html
http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28407494.html
http://www.indypendent.org/2008/04/25/discoverer-delusions
http://www.wiccanweb.ca/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=19853
http://www.kumeyaay.com/2008/01/johnson-v-mintosh-the-christian-right-of-colonization

http://www.target.com/gp/detail.html/602-1027866-8825436?asin=1555916422&afid=yahoosspplp_bmvd&lnm=1555916422|Pagans_in_the_Promised_Land:_Decoding_the_Doctrine_of_Christian_Discovery_:_Books&ref=tgt_adv_XSNG1060

http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?r=1&ISBN=9781555916428&ourl=Pagans-in-the-Promised-Land%2FNewcomb

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Lakota Sioux & Rosebud Reservation:
http://www.rosebudsiouxtribe-nsn.gov/history.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation
http://www.tradecorridor.com/rosebud/spirit.htm
http://www.sicangufund.org/rosebud/index.html
http://www.travelsd.com/ourhistory/sioux/tribes/rosebud.asp
http://pie.midco.net/lmrose/sicangu.htm
http://www.tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4571
http://www.nps.gov/archive/jeff/LewisClark2/TheJourney/NativeAmericans/LakotaSioux.htm
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Native American Religious Freedom Act (1978):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act
http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/FHPL_IndianRelFreAct.pdf
http://www.answers.com/topic/american-indian-religious-freedom-act
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During its first year - Aug. 2007 to Aug. 2008 - the non-profit Turtle Island Project held free concerts, free conferences, and many other events including fundraisers for the Northern Michigan University EarthKeeper Student Team in Marquette, MI and for the White Buffalo Calf Woman Society in Mission, SD.

During its first year - Aug. 2007 to Aug. 2008 - the non-profit Turtle Island Project held free concerts, free conferences, and many other events including fundraisers for the Northern Michigan University EarthKeeper Student Team in Marquette, MI and for the White Buffalo Calf Woman Society in Mission, SD.

http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/11/13/missing.fish/index.html

Overfishing is a major threat to sustainability Worldwide.

For many years the fishing industry has acted irresponsibly with nets up to over 40 miles long being deployed, finer net, non-rotting net which when lost will fish almost forever with devastating effects on ocean life, etc.

Major fisheries and breeding grounds have collapsed and huge ships are now devastating areas like the Polar regions and the last remnants.

Smaller countries using modest equipment are having to witness huge fishing boats taking literally everything with no consideration for the future.

We have to give conservation some effective teeth before the World's fish stocks collapse totally!

Cuando veo cosas como estas estaria bueno q los árboles cobraran vida como en el señor de los anillos y q les peguen un par de ramazos bien puestos para q cuando se miren donde les pegaron vean el tatuaje q les dejó el arbol.

To underscore this idea of specificity and cost, I begin my slow segue to adulthood (of Daphnia, not mine).  In Australia we found a few Daphnia species that respond, primarily as adults, to the presence of notonectids, common aquatic insects called backswimmers.  If you have ever made the error of judgment to try and handle them barehanded, you may have learned that their mouthparts are (painfully!) adapted for piercing.  A notonectid captures its prey with thre forelegs and holds it until the mouthparts can be used to pierce and suck out the body fluids of the prey.

Unlike Chaoborus, notonectids prefer large prey.  Still small I realize, but large among the zooplankton of vernal ponds.  Consequently, adaptations that make Daphnia a little larger, like the neck teeth used to deter Chaoborus, wouldn’t do much good against a notonectid.  Instead, they respond to the presence of notonectids by growing a large dorsal, cephalic crest.  The function of the crest is likely the same as the neck teeth; it increases handling time or makes it impossible to grab.  The crest is sometimes so large that the Daphnia looks like a swimming circle.

I tested the specificity of the response in Daphnia by subjecting Australian species and local Daphnia, both responsive to their respective predator, to the presence of the other predator.  The result was that nothing happened.  The local Daphnia couldn’t “taste” the presence of notonectids and the foreign Daphnia couldn’t taste the Chaoborus.  Later, I came across what I identified as D. schodleri (it is almost certainly something else) with a cephalic crest living among a highly density of notonectids in vernal ponds in southeastern Texas.  (Schwartz, S.S. 1991. Predator-induced alterations in Daphnia morphology. J. Plankton Res. 13:1151-1161.)  With no recent genetic connection to their Australian relatives, I am convinced these populations separately evolved the same strategy with juveniles showing little or no response and adults growing large cephalic crests.

I have written a few times already but it bears repeating: the medium is the message.  There are many message in the water, it just depends on who is sending the message and who is there to taste it. On ther flip side, why can't the predators evolve a mask scent so the predators can't detect them?  Maybe this has happened countless times over the centuries like bats, their radar, and the jamming signals of the moths that would be their prey.  Again, vernal ponds are nowhere near as simple as just depression filled with water and hold all sorts of lessons.

As an unsolicited  testimonial, check out “An Image-Based Key To The Zooplankton Of The Northeast (USA)” as a good guide to zooplankton of that region.  It contains both vernal pond and lake species.  Wherever you live, the guide at the least will get you in the right direction.

Since these filamentous fungi interact with the roots of plants, such symbiotic relationships are called mycorrhizae, literally "fungus root".

Fossil evidence supports the idea that these plant-fungal partnerships are as old as the emergence of terrestrial plants (about 500 million years ago). Indeed, some scientists believe that mycorrhizae may have been critical for the successful colonization of land by plants.

The plants benefit because the mycorrhizal fungal network effectively increases the root surface area. This may help the plant take up water and mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen. The fungus gets sugars (carbohydrates) from the plants.

Over 90% of native plant species examined form mycorrhizae. That means in a typical forest or meadow, most of the plants' roots are connected to fungal networks.

Is it possible that plants are inter-connected by these weblike fungal networks?

Moreover, could chemical signals travel throughout this network?

Such questions have long intrigued plant scientists interested in mycorrhizae. About ten years ago, a paper was published that stimulated interest in these questions.

This paper, by Dr. Suzanne Simard and colleagues, reported that radioactively-labeled carbon from one tree seedling could pass to an adjacent seedling via mycorrhizal fungal network.

If carbon compounds such as sugars could travel from plant to plant via the mycorrhizal fungal network, then could small signaling molecules, such as plant hormones, also travel this way?

Where does this story stand today?

The initial report of carbon flow from plant to plant via mycorrhizal fungi has been tempered by subsequent research (such as this) that doesn't support this idea.

Scientists are refining their techniques in order to provide unequivocal results regarding carbon flow via mycorrhizal networks under natural conditions in the field. This is a very challenging endeavor, indeed.

Bottom line: The jury is still out on this very interesting question.

Here's an excellent article on this topic:

"After cars, the food system uses more fossil fuel than any other sector of the economy — 19 percent. And while the experts disagree about the exact amount, the way we feed ourselves contributes more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere than anything else we do — as much as 37 percent, according to one study. Whenever farmers clear land for crops and till the soil, large quantities of carbon are released into the air. But the 20th-century industrialization of agriculture has increased the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by the food system by an order of magnitude; chemical fertilizers (made from natural gas), pesticides (made from petroleum), farm machinery, modern food processing and packaging and transportation have together transformed a system that in 1940 produced 2.3 calories of food energy for every calorie of fossil-fuel energy it used into one that now takes 10 calories of fossil-fuel energy to produce a single calorie of modern supermarket food. Put another way, when we eat from the industrial-food system, we are eating oil and spewing greenhouse gases. This state of affairs appears all the more absurd when you recall that every calorie we eat is ultimately the product of photosynthesis — a process based on making food energy from sunshine. There is hope and possibility in that simple fact."

Let's visualize the numbers of the crisis with one example: one million homes to be foreclosed in the US. In other words, one million families to lose their homes.

Noam Chomsky writes: "The immediate origins of the current meltdown lie in the collapse of the housing bubble supervised by Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, which sustained the struggling economy through the Bush years by debt-based consumer spending along with borrowing from abroad. But the roots are deeper. In part they lie in the triumph of financial liberalisation in the past 30 years - that is, freeing the markets as much as possible from government regulation.

These steps predictably increased the frequency and depth of severe reversals, which now threaten to bring about the worst crisis since the Great Depression.

Also predictably, the narrow sectors that reaped enormous profits from liberalisation are calling for massive state intervention to rescue collapsing financial institutions.

Such interventionism is a regular feature of state capitalism, though the scale today is unusual. A study by international economists Winfried Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder 15 years ago found that at least 20 companies in the Fortune 100 would not have survived if they had not been saved by their respective governments, and that many of the rest gained substantially by demanding that governments "socialise their losses," as in today's taxpayer-financed bailout. Such government intervention "has been the rule rather than the exception over the past two centuries", they conclude.

In a functioning democratic society, a political campaign would address such fundamental issues, looking into root causes and cures, and proposing the means by which people suffering the consequences can take effective control." (To read the full article (Anti-democratic nature of US capitalism is being exposed) - click here

Karl Marx predicted this crisis (not with its full details, but generally). "In short, what Karl Marx called ‘the financial oligarchy’ is demanding that the state should take over their burdens and maintain the ‘value’ of their valueless credit instruments while insisting that the poor workers and the middle classes shall take care of themselves. In other words, they demand communism for themselves and capitalism for the poor because capitalism is the only way the poor can ‘compete’ to survive, while the oligarchs have the protection of the state to look after their needs."

But this crisis is not simply a crisis of democracy, and not simply a crisis of selective protection, but it is also a crisis in the fundamentals of our current economic make-up.

Ecological economists argue - rightfully - that the crisis is deeper.

“Can the economy grow fast enough in real terms to redeem the massive increase in debt? In a word, no. You can keep piling on interest and creating debt, but you’re fighting a losing battle against a natural force of the universe: entropy. To put it another way, lenders can’t just create wealth out of thin air, pulling financial abstractions out of their assets whenever it suits them. Theoretical, invisible wealth must be matched by real goods. Imagine if we were to transition from a society of debt-based wealth—buy now, pay later—to one of real goods-based wealth—save now, spend later. The world as we know it would fundamentally change."

As Herman Daly -- who left his post as  Senior Economist at the World Bank to teach Ecological Economics at University of Maryland's School for Public Policy and to become one of the World Bank's sharpest critics -- "points out that the current crisis is really one of the “overgrowth of financial assets relative to growth of real wealth.”

Daly believes that “financial assets have grown by a large multiple of the real economy” and that “paper exchanging for paper is now 20 times greater than exchanges of paper for real commodities.” Exploding debt liens have simply outgrown the wealth."

Daly wrote: "Growth in US real wealth is restrained by increasing scarcity of natural resources, both at the source end (oil depletion), and the sink end (absorptive capacity of the atmosphere for CO2). Further, spatial displacement of old stuff to make room for new stuff is increasingly costly as the world becomes more full, and increasing inequality of distribution of income prevents most people from buying much of the new stuff—except on credit (more debt). Marginal costs of growth now likely exceed marginal benefits, so that real physical growth makes us poorer, not richer (the cost of feeding and caring for the extra pigs is greater than the extra benefit). To keep up the illusion that growth is making us richer we deferred costs by issuing financial assets almost without limit, conveniently forgetting that these so‐called assets are, for society as a whole, debts to be paid back out of future real growth. That future real growth is very doubtful and consequently claims on it are devalued, regardless of liquidity."

AdBlue is not a toxic liquid solution of urea, applied for the chemical reduction in nitric oxides (NOx) in lorries. AdBlue is non-explosive, as well as not harmful substance for the environment, she was classified as substance about the smallest risk of the transport. AdBlue delivered in the framework of the Air1 conception, by the producer Yara Company from Norway, is meeting basic requirements of the quality (of V Dinas 70070), as also more requiring the CEFIC norm (European Council of the Chemical Industry), guaranteeing failure-free functioning of the SCR system in of you vehicles.

what the IV Euro is and the V Euro?

the IV Euro and the V Euro are norms of reductions in emission of harmful substances, legislated by the European Union for vehicles above 3.5 ton. Such substances were provided with regulations as: nitric oxides (Nox), solid molecules (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxides (CO). The IV Euro will start being implemented since October 2005 by the October 2006, the V Euro from October 2008 till October 2009.

what is the SCR technology?

the SCR Abridgement means the Selective Catalytic Reduction zbiornik na adBlue, it is process of the selective chemical reduction in harmful nitric oxides to completely harmless figure, i.e. water and nitrogen. It decided to apply the majority of European producers of lorries, buses and coaches just these technologies in order to reach the level of emission of harmful substances fulfilling the norm of the IV Euro. One should give the titbit, that producers which used the IV alternative technologies to fulfilling of the norm the Euro, for meeting requirements of the V Euro decided on the SCR technology.

Main sub-assemblies of the SCR system constitute: SCR Catalyst, the nozzle of the AdBlue injection, the independent AdBlue container and the dosing individual. AdBlue gathered in the container next is being injected with the help of the nozzle to the exhaust arrangement of vehicle, in SCR catalyst AdBlue urea is reacting chemically with ammonia what is leading to the transformation backgroundnków of nitrogen (NOx) into nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O).

what is Air1?

Air1 is an exceptional conception created by Yara companies and Brenntag. Yara as the largest producer of urea in world provides with the safety of solid supplies, the best quality product. Brenntag as the largest European distributor of Air1-AdBlue liquid, is guaranteeing the possibility of supplies in the 48h sequence to the any place in Europe. Norms of Dinas 70070, ISO and CEFIC provide with the quality of our product, the one last is guaranteeing that in the case of damage to the SCR system it is we are responsible for possible repairs. Air1 is a conception guaranteeing the best quality in every respect.

where is it possible to buy AdBlue?

in the AdBlue here and now it is possible to buy in each of 11 Brenntag units Poland, it will be sufficient to place an order at our sales representative and the latest in the sequence of 48 hours goods will be provided you directly. AdBlue now is already available as part of service networks and dealer producers of such well-known makes of lorries as the Volvo or Iveco. In the near future our product will be available on the majority of stations of fuels leading distributors in Poland.

what containers is AdBlue available in?

an IBC package, i.e. a litre thousand are a Basic answer container intended to put a transport base on the area. With the larger fleet they can supply companies oneself into AdBlue dispensers developing in ranges from 2000 to 10000 litres capacities. In every case very much canisters are a reasonable answer (10? 30 litres) treated as the reserve.

how much does it cost AdBlue?

the AdBlue Price can change depending on prices of raw materials, as well as from the size of individual orders, however she should not cross the price of the litre of diesel. Savings of burning fuel in diesel engines equipped with the SCR arrangement will be bigger than the AdBlue price.

how many will I need AdBlue?

they after numerous tests carried out by producers of vehicles equipped with the SCR technology assume that the AdBlue wear and tear will constitute the 4-5% with respect to the wear and tearfuels, in the case of the norm of the IV Euro, and the 6% in the case Euro V. Czyli per 100 km an about 1.7 AdBlue litre will be needed. Assuming that the average AdBlue container in a truck tractor has the capacity of 100 litres, this amount should suffice for travelling the route from Warsaw to Madrid and back without the need to fuel up.

list of content

Editors : M.J Bailey, A.K Lilley, Timm-Wilson and P.T.N Spencer-Phillips

Publisher : CABI (2006)

Size : 24,627 mb

Delivery cost : Rp. 25.000,-

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list of content

Author : David W Orr

Publisher : Oxford University Press (2002)

Size : 1,174 mb

Delivery cost : Rp. 10.000,-

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list of content

Editors : Fransisco I Pugnaire, Fernando Valladares

Publisher : CRC Press (2007)

Size : 11,426 mb

Delivery cost : Rp. 15.000,-

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